Post-war Gromas (1945-1960)

Of all the typewriter brands, Groma has one of the more interesting reputations. This post is about as far away from a colorful story as you can get, but hopefully it entertains as well as informs. It will cover only the larger Groma portables, as Piotr Triumpiel (zetix) will be doing a similar detailed post on the Gromina/Kolibri.

All of the pictures in this post have been found on the internet and come from the collections of myself and other typospherians, as well as current and ended online auctions, and are presented purely as examples essential to this post. No infringement intended.

All typewriters with serial numbers indicated have been dated using the list at the bottom of the post. Regarding the numbers; there are a number of different sources that all slightly contradict each other. The sources I am using are the newest and most complete available. The accompanying Groma typewriter database page has been updated.

This post will be edited when new information becomes available, especially with model examples. If you have an example with a serial number and photo, please let me know because every piece of information connecting age with finish/colors helps!

Pre-war design: 1945-1949

The original Groma portable design with the plastic front curved piece continued to be produced after the end of WWII until 1949. Around serial number 260000 in early 1949, Mechanik Groma VEB, Markersdorf/Chemnitzal was created and replaced G F Grosser as the producer of the Groma portable. Up to this point, the keys have always been metal-rimmed glass, but with occasional use of plastic for the backspace and margin release.

1949 - 259648

1949 - 264108

First post-war design: 1949-1951

The old style design continued to be produced until the end of 1949, when it was replaced with a sleeker, more robust front piece made of metal instead of plastic. This is the classic Groma look adored by many.

1949 - 267950

The keys initially remain glass, but soon two different styles of plastic keys were introduced, square and circular. The square ones came in green, red, and black. The circular keys came in black with red detailing on the function keys and appear to share similarities with keys used by other manufacturers in what became East Germany before WWII (Rheinmetall and Mercedes). It appears as if the square keys were used only on the Modell N, while the circular ones were used predominantly on the Modell T.

1950 - 277395

1951 - 282648

There are a couple of variations in the decals used on these 1949-1951 Gromas, seen below. I do not know for certain, as I don't have a large body of serial number examples, but if plastic keys replaced glass keys (rather than being used alongside each other) then it happened around serial number 275000.

1950 - 270428

Post-war design 2: 1952-1957

An all-new body style was introduced in 1952 with the same square keys, a crinkle paint finish, and new carriage knobs that is otherwise mostly unchanged from a mechanical perspective.

1952

The keys were switched to a more modern top-heavy oval shape similar to the ones Erika used between 1953 and 1954.

In 1954, the ribbon color selector dots changed from circular to oblong and new carriage release levers were introduced.

1954

That same year, the paint was changed to a glossy finish and a chrome stripe was added to the ribbon cover.

1954 - 316670

1955 - 328076

1956

In mid-1956, the logo was changed to a nicer embossed design.

1956 - 344410

1957 - 349929

1957 - 350115

A variation of the logo exists with a decal replacing the embossed nameplate, possibly from very late in 1957 near the end of production, which ended in 1957.

Combina: 1957-1960

The Combina was designed as a replacement for the long-lived N/T series, loosely based on the original design but with many improvements and changes. In early promotional material, it is shown in an illustration that differs from any Combinas I've seen. The keys are more squared off, and the Combina logo is in the center of the ribbon cover.

1957 - 1001720

It was offered with or without keyset tabulator, and with interchangeable carriages in two widths. Initially, the keys are black and the paint is silver.

1958

1959 - 1013594

Between 1958 and 1959 the keys are changed to green and the silver paint has taken on a bit of a green tint. One rebranding, Brillant Super for Neckermann, is known.

1958 - 1019054

In 1959, a number of changes were made. Most obviously, the cutout in the ribbon cover has a more streamlined, simple shape. A detailed comparison of the other changes made. The keys and paint remain the same color as before.

1959 - 1021098

In 1959, the tab set mechanism was changed to a more ordinary lever, and the model continued in this form until the end of production the next year.

1959 - 1022056

This is an odd version that I've found, with metallic blue paint. It doesn't seem like it could be original, but the quality of the paint job is so good that I figured it was worth including here.

The later versions of the Combina can also be found as a Brillant Super. Production of the Combina ended in 1960, concluding the production of a mid-sized portable by Groma. The Kolibri continued to be made until the end of 1962.

Serial numbers
from Die Entwicklung der ehemaligen DDR-Schreibmaschinen-Produktion (N, T, E)
and Liste der Herstellungsdaten Schreibmaschinen (Combina)

Models N, T, and E
200000	1938			N, T, and E consecutively numbered through all models. 1938-1940 models run from 200000 to 217999	6,25
	1939			See 1938	6,25
up to 217999	1940			See 1938	6,25
218000	1941				6,25
225000	1942				25
233000	1943				25
243000	1944				25
252000	1945				25
254000	1946				25
255000	1947				25
256000	1948				25
259000	1949				25
268000	1950				25
279000	1951				25
291000	1952				25
303000	1953			Model E ended 1953	25
313000	1954				25
325000	1955				25
333000	1956				25
348000	1957			Models N and T ended 1957	25
Combina
1000000	1957			Combina models both with and without tabulator	24
1011000	1958				24
1020000	1959				24
1025000	1960			Combina ended 1960	24

Resources

Die Entwicklung der ehemaligen DDR-Schreibmaschinen-Produktion (Frensel, 1999)

Liste der Herstellungsdaten Schreibmaschinen (Burghagen, 1962)

Peter Mitterhofer Schreibmaschinemuseum


Also of interest

Erika 1949-1965
Erika 1965-1991
Optima 1949-1961
Rheinmetall 1945-1962

This post was last edited 21 November 2014

Post-war Optimas (1949-1961)

When I was working on my post about post-war Rheinmetalls, Using the data in Die Entwicklung der ehemaligen DDR-Schreibmaschinen-Produktion I also updated the Optima serial numbers on the Typewriter Database, which before had been quite lacking. Now they are complete for the entire portable line, and I added the numbers for the earlier standards as well. In this article I will be focusing only on the portable Optimas.

1949-1991 Optima timeline

click to enlarge

All of the pictures in this post have been found on the internet and come from the collections of myself, and other typospherians, as well as current and ended online auctions, and are presented purely as examples essential to this post. No infringement intended.

All typewriters with serial numbers indicated have been dated using the list at the bottom of the post.

This post will be edited when new information becomes available, especially with model examples. If you have an example with a serial number and photo, or anything else useful, please let me know!

The Olympia factory was located in the Soviet occupation zone at the end of WWII, but a new factory was set up in Wilhelmshaven, in the British zone. The Olympia name was used by both the eastern and western factories until the formation of East Germany when an international court ruling gave Wilhelmshaven the rights to the brand name. In Erfurt, Optima was used by VEB Optima Büromaschinenwerk. I won't repeat any more history here; for more information see this post by Robert Messenger.

Elite: 1949-1953

The first portable produced by VEB Optima Büromaschinenwerk was an Olympia Elite, changed only in name. An excellent comparison between an older Olympia and later Optima Elite on Ken Coghlan's Swinging Typebars. It was only produced as a full-featured machine with a keyset tabulator.

Based on seeing new serial numbers, I am going to approach this slightly differently from how I did when I originally wrote this. I believe that the first machine manufactured at the Wilhelmshaven Olympia factory was a "proto-SM1" branded as Orbis. Therefore, all glossy Olympias built after serial number 600956, which was previously thought to be the beginning of the Optima brand, are actually Optimas built in the Erfurt factory. Machines built up to about 700000 can be found as Optima, Erfurt, or without a brand at all.

The two "Olympia"s below fit into this description. One is an Elite, another is one of the very last Progress models ever made.

649033 - 1950

689057 - 1951

The typewriter below was built right before the Optima labels was introduced, it's just an Elite with the Olympia decal removed and a "Made in Germany" decal added.

695845 - 1951

711092 - 1951

This Optima Elite is the earliest one I have seen to bear the Optima name. Notice the front decal is different from the ones usually found.

725023 - 1952

732262 - 1952

742103 - 1953

Finally, the name variation of "Ranger" exists, and was sold in the Netherlands.

Ranger - 728950 - 1952

Elite: 1953-1955

The first major change to this design took place in 1953 when the body was completely redesigned and changes were made to the carriage. It was produced in a number of different colors and finishes.

13702 - 1953

27576 - 1953

Early on in the production the decals changed to a nice embossed metal logo and a new paper rest was added. The same older style case from the 1940s is still being used.

1953

50446 - 1954

878457 - 1955

Elite 3: 1955-1961

In 1955 the body was redesigned again, creating one of the great classic portable designs of the 1950s offered in a number of attractive colors. From the appearance, it doesn't seem like much has changed mechanically, but my experience with a very late (1961) model shows a definite improvement over the pre-war Olympia Elite. This model was aptly designated Elite 3, but can occasionally be seen labelled "Elite", "Progress 3", or "Super".

926184 - 1956

929695 - 1956

Around 1957, a few more minor changes were made to the body (making the spacebar a little less wide and changing the paper arm design again) and this continued unchanged until the end of Optima Elite production in 1961. The blue typewriter below is a transition between 1956 and 1958, as it has the newer style spacebar but the older style paper rest.

1054087 - 1958

1037732 - 1958

1083152 - 1959

1070182 - 1959

1079870 - 1959

1118787 - 1960

1164692 - 1961

Plana: 1950-1957

While in the west, Olympia didn't produce any Planas, this model was continued by Optima. The only change other than the decal is that the segment is not made out of bakelite any more.

229572 - 1953

243533 - 1956

This Olympia Plana was built before the 1951 settlement and therefore isn't quite an Optima, but it was definitely built in the Soviet zone. The one below may or may not have been produced after the war.

P1: 1957-1959

The Plana was updated as the P1 which remained mechanically the same but without a tabulator (and its accompanying bizarre setting system) and a completely new shell. It was offered in tan, silver, green, and probably other colors as well.

246579 - 1957

246772 - 1957

259535 - 1959

Rebrandings

While there have been quite a few East German typewriters rebranded as Optimas for export, the actual Optima was only rebranded once to my knowledge, as a Referent (Rheinmetalls were also branded Referent).

Although not necessarily a rebranding, the Elite 3, first version, was available with crinkle paint in only one circumstance—when it was sold through Scheidegger, the typing school. This one has a Swiss keyboard.

The Optima name was used on Erikas primarily, but a few Consuls were branded as Optima, interestingly, including a very late one that might actually date to after the fall of Communism in Czechoslovakia.

Erika:

Robotron:

Consul:

Optima SM 30

Optima SM 35

As for this, it's said to have been produced in Moscow, but I'm not sure:

Optima SM 10

Serial numbers

from Die Entwicklung der ehemaligen DDR-Schreibmaschinen-Produktion

    
M8
837657 1949 M8 production begins under Optima name in 1949 (formerly Olympia M8)
884692 1950
949204 1951
966688 1952 Last serial number: 966867
 
M10
1046 1950 M10 production begins 1950
3693 1951
31216 1952
58757 1953
84853 1954
93237 1955
120341 1956
139350 1957
149724 1958
156564 1959 Last serial number: 163113
 
Plana, P1
203759 1950 Plana production begins under Optima name in 1950 (formerly Olympia Plana)
209105 1951
216314 1952
220335 1953
230338 1954
238020 1955
241703 1956
244063 1957 P1 production begins at number 244973 25
249473 1958
257473 1959 Last serial number: 263872
 
Continental, Opticon
3001 1956 Continental production begins 1956
4273 1957
9498 1958 Opticon production begins at number 9498
19391 1959 Last serial number: 26750
 
Elite, Elite 3, Progress 3, Super
600956 1949 Elite production begins under Optima name in 1949 (formerly Olympia Elite)
635416 1950
681289 1951
714800 1952
741587 1953 Last serial number: 754183
 
1001 1953 New Elite serial numbers introduced mid-1953
31350 1954
68631 1955 Last serial number: 75893
 
875894 1955 Again, new Elite serial numbers introduced mid-1955
921281 1956
961590 1957
1005697 1958
1053258 1959
1105862 1960
1153068 1961 Last serial number: 1202470
 

Summary

In 1961, production of the Optima portable ended as all DDR portable typewriter production was taken over by Erika. Optima continued to produce standard typewriters until the fall of the DDR under the authority of Zentronik and eventually Robotron. By the end of production in August 1991, Robotron was one of the last manufacturers of high-quality manual typewriters.

Also of interest

Erika 1949-1965

Erika 1965-1991

Rheinmetall 1945-1962
Groma 1945-1960

Last updated 25 November 2015